Diagnosis & Treatment
The goal of epilepsy treatment should be “no seizures and no side effects.” Not everyone will be able to reach that goal, but doctors and patients should always be working toward it together. A strong doctor-patient relationship, access to needed treatments and healthcare services, and healthy behaviors all contribute to successful management of seizures. Epilepsy Foundation of Michigan staff can work with you to make sure you’re doing everything you can to manage your seizures.
Diagnosis
An accurate diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment. Epilepsy can be confused with nonepileptic seizures and many other conditions. Doctor’s must rule out these other conditions before making a diagnosis of epilepsy. In addition, diagnosis should include information on what type of epilepsy is suspected, what type of seizures are being experienced, and what to expect in the future.
A variety of tools can help doctors with diagnosis, including electroencephalography or EEG (standard EEG, ambulatory EEG, video EEG monitoring), neuroimaging technologies (MRI, CT, PET, SPECT, MEG, MRS), neurological exam, physical exam, and blood tests. Perhaps the most important diagnostic tool, however, is the medical history. This provides the doctor with important information on what happened before, during, and after each seizure and can give clues regarding a possible cause.
Useful Links:
Treatment
Typically, the first treatment tried in patients with epilepsy is daily medication. There are over 20 antiseizure medications (AEDs) available. Most people with epilepsy are able to get complete seizure control by taking one ore more antiseizure medications; however, in 30 - 40% of patients, seizures continue despite treatment.
If you have tried two appropriate medications, and you’re still having seizures or significant side effects, you should see an epileptologist (a neurologist who specializes in epilepsy) to confirm your diagnosis, review your current treatment regimen, and discuss other treatment options. Most epileptologists work at Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers, which feature a staff of epilepsy experts, including clinical nurse specialists, neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists, and others, and access to the full array of diagnostic and treatment options.
In addition to medication, the following treatment options may be considered:
Useful Links:

An accurate diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment. Epilepsy can be confused with nonepileptic seizures and many other conditions. Doctor’s must rule out these other conditions before making a diagnosis of epilepsy. In addition, diagnosis should include information on what type of epilepsy is suspected, what type of seizures are being experienced, and what to expect in the future.
A variety of tools can help doctors with diagnosis, including electroencephalography or EEG (standard EEG, ambulatory EEG, video EEG monitoring), neuroimaging technologies (MRI, CT, PET, SPECT, MEG, MRS), neurological exam, physical exam, and blood tests. Perhaps the most important diagnostic tool, however, is the medical history. This provides the doctor with important information on what happened before, during, and after each seizure and can give clues regarding a possible cause.
Useful Links:
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy Diagnosis; Nikesh Ardeshna, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Diagnostic Tools for Epilepsy: From EEG to PET; Simon Glynn, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - What Was That? Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy; Daniela Minecan, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - EEG 101; Ryan Keating, DO & Kimberly Patterson, R.EEGT
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis; Alexandra Shaw, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy in Infants and Toddlers; Renée Shellhaas, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Severe Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes: Rani Singh, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Andrea Thomas, MA, LLP
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Diagnosis & Management of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Nicholas Beimer, MD; Scott Winder, MD; Elissa Patterson, PhD; Najda Robinson-Mayer, LMSW
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Diagnosis & Treatment of Pediatric Epilepsy: Aimee Luat, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy in Adolescents: Jules Constantinou, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy in Older Adults: Rohit Marawar, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy and the Immune System: Mitchel Williams, MD, PhD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - The Nature of Epilepsy: from Causes to Consequences - John Bunka, DO
- Learn & Share Conference Call - The Role of Genetics in Epilepsy Diagnosis and Treatment - Danielle Nolan, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Autism & Epilepsy; Elizabeth Leleszi, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Brain Injury & Epilepsy; Yanny Phillips, DO, PhD
- The Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy: A Critical Review [pdf]
- Psychogenic (Non-epileptic) Seizures: A Guide for Patients and Families
- Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
- Epilepsy Genetics Initiative
- ICE Epilepsy Alliance (intractable childhood epilepsy; ion channel epilepsy)
- LGS Foundation – information on Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
- Doose Syndrome Epilepsy Alliance
- Dravet.org
- Dravet Syndrome Foundation
- The Sturge-Weber Foundation
- Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance
- Rare Epilepsy Network
- Types of Epilepsy
- Types of Seizures

Typically, the first treatment tried in patients with epilepsy is daily medication. There are over 20 antiseizure medications (AEDs) available. Most people with epilepsy are able to get complete seizure control by taking one ore more antiseizure medications; however, in 30 - 40% of patients, seizures continue despite treatment.
If you have tried two appropriate medications, and you’re still having seizures or significant side effects, you should see an epileptologist (a neurologist who specializes in epilepsy) to confirm your diagnosis, review your current treatment regimen, and discuss other treatment options. Most epileptologists work at Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers, which feature a staff of epilepsy experts, including clinical nurse specialists, neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists, and others, and access to the full array of diagnostic and treatment options.
In addition to medication, the following treatment options may be considered:
- Brain Surgery – If your seizures are starting in a single part of the brain that can be safely removed without damaging important functions like movement, vision, or speech, you may be a candidate for brain surgery. The most common type of brain surgery removes the seizure-producing part of the brain and results in seizure freedom for the majority of patients. Although risks need to be carefully considered, surgery should no longer be thought of as a last resort. In appropriate candidates, surgery early in the course of the condition offers the best chance of becoming seizure free and maintaining quality of life.
- Dietary Therapies – The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that, for reasons not fully understood, can improve seizure control in some people with epilepsy. It must be done under the supervision of a doctor and a dietitian, foods must be carefully measured out, and rules must be strictly followed. Variations of the ketogenic diet, like the Modified Atkins Diet and Low Glycemic Index Diet, may be easier to follow while still being effective. Traditionally used only in young children, the ketogenic diet and related diets are now helping people of all ages. In addition, the ketogenic diet is now considered the first-line treatment for certain types of epilepsy, like Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency, and an early treatment option for many other types of epilepsy, including infantile spasms, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, Dravet syndrome, and Doose syndrome.
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation – Patients who are not candidates for brain surgery and for whom medication is not working may consider vagus nerve stimulation. A vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) is a pacemaker-like device implanted under the skin on the chest wall with leads that attach to the vagus nerve in the neck. The device is programmed to periodically stimulate the brain via the vagus nerve. For some people, this reduces the frequency or severity of seizures. It also offers an added sense of control because a magnet that comes with the device can be used to activate it if an aura is experienced or if a seizure has already begun. This can sometimes prevent, stop, or shorten a seizure. The newest models provide responsive stimulation when a sudden increase in heart rate is detected (seizures are often associated with such changes in heart rate). It is uncommon for people to become seizure-free by using the VNS; however, it can often improve seizure control and/or quality of life.
- Responsive Neurostimulation - The Responsive Neurostimulation System (RNS System) by NeuroPace monitors electrical activity in the brain and delivers stimulation to the seizure focus when the onset of a seizure is detected. This can sometimes prevent a seizure before it happens.The RNS neurostimulator is embedded in the skull under the scalp, and one or two leads are placed within or on the surface of the brain. The device's detection and stimulation settings are customized for each individual patient and can be adjusted based on the continuously recorded data. This treatment may be helpful for people with one or two seizure foci.
- Deep Brain Stimulation - The Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) device provides periodic stimulation to a deep structure of the brain called the thalamus that is thought to be involved in the initiation and spread of seizures. The components include a neurostimulator device implanted under the skin on the chest wall and leads placed into both sides of the thalamus. For many, the device reduces seizure frequency and severity.
- Complementary Therapies – Several other promising therapies for epilepsy have been studied but don’t yet have enough evidence to support their routine use; however, if your doctor agrees that a therapy is safe, affordable, and possibly effective, it might be worth trying in addition to your standard treatment. Keep in mind, several therapies that claim to help with seizures can actually make seizures worse, interfere with antiepileptic medications, and cause other health problems.
Useful Links:
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Accessing Appropriate Epilepsy Care: Linda Selwa, MD; Jane Turner, MD
- Learn & Share Webinar - Appropriate Treatment of Localization-related Epilepsy; Jason Schwalb, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Evaluation; Eishi Asano, MD, PhD; Amy Luat, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Medications for Epilepsy: Linda Selwa, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Medications for Epilepsy: Toya Malone, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Medication Side Effects: Maysaa Basha, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy Surgery: Resection, Disconnection, and Ablation; Ellen Air, MD and Christopher Parres, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy Surgery: Risks and Benefits - Oren Sagher, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Neuromodulation for Epilepsy: VNS, RNS, and Beyond; David Burdette, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Neurostimulation-based Therapies for Epilepsy: Andrew Zillgitt, DO
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy: Temenuzhka Mihaylova, MD, PhD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy: Jason Schwalb, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - The Ketogenic Diet & Other Dietary Therapies for Epilepsy: Denise Potter, RD, CSP, CDE
- Learn & Share Conference Call - The Ketogenic Diet: It's Not Just for Kids Anymore; Jennifer Fillenworth, RD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy Treatment: Recent & Future Advances; Ayman Haykal, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - The Pipeline: What's New in Epilepsy Research and Therapy Development; Erin Okazaki, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Epilepsy Self-Management: Toya Malone, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call - Complementary Approaches to Seizure Management: Mohammad Poostizadeh, MD
- Learn & Share Conference Call: Rescue Medications for Epilepsy - Louis Dang, MD, PhD
- Surgery for Difficult-to-Treat Epilepsy: A Step-By-Step Guide for Patients and Families - comprehensive guide from the Child Neurology Foundation
- The Charlie Foundation – information on the ketogenic diet
- 2018 Clinical Guidelines on Dietary Therapies for Epilepsy - International Ketogenic Diet Study Group
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation – Cyberonics' VNS Therapy website
- Responsive Neurostimulation - NeuroPace's RNS System website
- Clinical Trials for Epilepsy
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Cannabis (medical marijuana) and Epilepsy - information from epilepsy.com
- PubMed – searchable database of biomedical journal articles
- Curing Epilepsy: The Promise of Research – an overview of current and emerging epilepsy research by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Epilepsy.com Video Library – dozens of videos on diagnosis, treatment, and other epilepsy-related topics